The problems of tribal people and its challenges

 

Munia Nimisha

Dahod, Gujarat

 

ABSTRACT:

This article describes the problems faced by the people in the tribal community of Indian society. Also described their economic activity and the problems associated with it, as well as the impact on their lives. Secondly, it also shows the percentage of the population of the Indian population in tribal society. The efforts of the government to solve the problems of tribal society are also mentioned.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

There are about 450 tribal communities of differrnt names in india. Such as bhil, dubla, siddi, santhal, gond, khashi, garo, tod, kadar etc. In the constitution of india they are known as schedule tribles. According to census data, the population of ST in 1919 is 6.77 crore. Which is almost 8%of the population only 6.2 percent of the tribals live in the city. They are far behind in terms of development compared to other tribal communities. They have different social identities in society. Different problems exist within the tribal community of India.

In view of constitutional rights and human rights, quality, freedom of justice etc. The tribes are also deprived of these problems such as poverty, illiteracy, exploitation etc. Do not allow tribal people to come forward in comparison to non-tribal. It is closely linked not only to economic matters but also to culture as well as social isolation and contct with not tribals. Resolving those problems lies within the colonial rule of the society. So it is extremely important to take steps to solve them.

 

DEFINITION OF TRIBAL:

Tribal is a social community that speaks a specific language, which has distinct culture that distinguishes its own community from other times in terms of culture.

 

 

Hobel

The tribal’s is a simple community that lives on a fixed terrain speaks one language and has the ability to organize in common tasks such a war.

Linton

Within the constitution of india, tribal people have been identified as scheduled tribes.

 

State wise and district wise population of tribes of India and Gujarat.

State wise population of tribes					District(Gujarat)  wise population of tribes
No	State Name	Total population	Tribes population %	% of Tribes population	District  Name	Total population	Tribes population %	% of Tribes population
1	JAMMU-KASHMIR	12548926	1493299	11.89	KACHHA	2092371	24228	1.16
2	HIMACHAL PRADESH	6856509	392126	5.72	BANASHKATHA	3120506	284155	9.11
3	PANJAB	27704236	0	0	PATAN	1343734	13303	0.99
4	CHANDIGADHA	1054686	0	0	MAHESHANA	2035064	9392	0.46
5	UTTRANCHAL	10116752	291903	2.88	SABARKATHA	2428589	542156	22.32
6	HARIYANA	25353081	0	0	GANDHINAGAR	1391573	18204	1.31
7	DELHI	16753235	0	0	AHEMDABAD	7214225	89138	1.24
8	RAJSTHAN	68621012	9238534	13.46	SURENDRANAGAR	1756268	21453	1.22
9	UTTARPRADESH	199581477	1134273	0.57	RAJKOT	3804558	24017	0.63
10	BIHAR	103804637	1336573	1.29	JAMANAGAR	2160119	24187	1.12
11	SIKKIM	607688	206360	33.96	PORBANDR	585449	13039	2.23
12	ARUNACHAL PRADESH	1382611	951821	68.84	JUNAGADH	2743082	55571	2.03
13	NAGALAND	1980602	1710973	86.39	AMRELI	1514190	7322	0.48
14	MANIPUR	2855794	902740	31.61	BHAVNAGAR	2880365	9110	0.32
15	MIZORAM	1091014	1036115	94.97	ANAND	2092745	24824	1.19
16	TRIPURA	3671032	1166813	31.78	KHEDA	2299885	40336	1.75
17	MEGHALAYA	2964007	2555861	86.23	PANCHMAHAL	2390776	721604	30.18
18	ASSAM	31169272	3884371	12.46	DAHOD	2127086	1580850	74.32
19	WEST BANGAL	91347736	5296953	5.79	VADODRA	4165626	1149901	27.6
20	JARKHAND	32966238	8645042	26.22	NARMDA	590297	481392	81.55
21	ORISHA	41947358	9590756	22.86	BHARUCH	1551019	488194	31.48
22	CHHATTIGADH	25540196	7822902	30.63	DANG	228291	216073	94.65
23	MADHYA PRADESH	72597565	15316784	21.09	NAVSHARI	1329672	639659	48.11
24	GUJARAT	60439692	8917174	14.75	VALSAD	1705678	902794	52.93
25	DAMN AND DIU	242911	15363	6.32	SURAT	6081322	856952	14.09
26	DADRA AND NAGARHAVELI	342853	178564	52.08	TAPI	807022	679320	84.18
27	MAHARASHTRA	112372972	10510213	9.35	Gujarat	60439692	8917174	14.75
28	ADHARAPRADESH	84665533	5918073	6.98
29	KARNATAKA	61130704	4248987	6.95
30	GOA	1457723	149275	10.24
31	LAKSHAYDIP	64429	61120	94.86
32	KERAL	33387677	484839	1.45
33	TAMILNADU	72138958	794697	1.1
34	PONDICHERI	1244464	0	0
35	ANDAMAN NIKOBAR	379944	28530	7.51
	India	1210854977	104281034	8.61

 

 

Characteristics of tribal people:

·         Each tribal group is as organization made up of several families or group of families.

·         Speaking the same language or language that has no script.

·         Each tribal group has a unique name ex. Bhil, dubla, khashi, garasiya, santhal, toda.

·         Tribal people live in a designated region.

·         The tribal group is an inter married group.

·         There are social norms and taboo to make reciprocal transactions possible. Tribal culture differs from other tribes.

·         The tribal panchayats are the administrative divisions of criminal justice.

·         The division of labour and exchanges is very rare. Tribal is a closed society. Each tribal community has its own religion and magic as well as religious tradition. They are much less variable.

 

Problems of tribal society:

Problems of poverty illiteracy debt exploitation etc. Raise barriers to getting tribal people status equal to other non tribal people. The following is a brief summary of some of the problems.

 

The problem of poverty:

According to a 1960 alvin committe report, the biggest question for tribes is poverty. According to devendra nati thakur in 1973-1974, 55% percent of total population was poor. In 19778 more that 72% percent of tribal population was poor. In 2001-2002 more that 26% percent of the population was poor.

 

Definition of poverty:

Poverty is deprived of opportunities to lead a healthy, creative life, as well as proper living freedom. Dignity and honor.

Human development report

 

The main cause of povert :

·         Low salary

·         Un employment

·         Illiteracy

·         Slow level science

·         Sustainability – oriented economy

·         Socio-cultural practices and beliefs

 

Debt problems:

Meaning: Debt means cash and commodity borrowing. Buying borrowing means getting some sales and payment it’s in and paying interest on the loan. According to 1961 survey in a study conducted 78 tirbal villages, 5% of household to 50% of households were in debted detors. 78 villages were divided in to Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madras, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. 1975-76 through the debt relief act, the government for gave the debts of the tribelment of many states.

 

The problem of absorption:

It is called exploitation if any person or other person or group uses physical labour or uses his or her labour of skill in an unprofitable way to compensate for or without compensation, or is exploited.

 

According to a 1937 report by samigton most of the land from the tribes has gone away from the lenders in the last 25-50 years due to lending practise.

 

The tribes have become like slave to lenders so they are exploited they are born in to debt live and die. Tribal farmers can be protected from such exploitation if they are finaced by co-operatives or commercial banks from the village development bank or the government.

 

Land transfer:

To the tribesman who pledges his land cannot repay the interest or the value of the goods, then mortgaged property goes from the sale to the tender. 1961 the debar commission enacted two land conservation laws.

®      Tribal law preventing tribal land from going to non-tribal’s.

®      Laws on giving land own ship to tribals.

But these laws later become ineffective in 1963 the abolition act was implemented in gujral.

1978 west Bengal implemented the land restoration act.

 

Agricultural problems:

®      In conventional farming, the farm production is low.

®      Farming only one place again and again.

®      Use of low level technology and low production.

®      Cultivation of fertility.

 

The problem of illiteracy:

Illiteracy is illiterate but a person who does not have the character knowledge cannot read and write and cannot calculate is called illiterate. In 1961, 76% were illiterate in this 92% of the tribal population was illiterate. More than 70% of the 1971 population was illiterate. There were more than 89% illiterate of the tribal population. In 1981, 64% of the total population was illiterate. In this about 84% of the tribal population was illiterate. In 1991, 78% of indias population was illiterate. In 2001, 34% of the total population ws illiterate.

®      Causes: poverty, living in impoverished areas, moving and displacing rotating farming.

 

CONCLUSION:

Thus, the government has undertaken many developmental programs for the development of tribal people various developmental programs have been included for them in different five-year plans. These schemes are fruitful in the long run. Thus, the government has undertaken in tensive efforts form the overall upliftment of the tribal’s.

 

REFERENCES:

Text Book of Std 11 & 12 Gujrat Rajya Pathyapustak Mandal.

Sociology of Tribal Community – Creative Prakashan.

Bharat Ma Samajik Parivartan Ane Samajik Vyavastha-Dr.Ramnath Sharma and Dr.Rajendra Kumar Sharma.

Census of India.

 

Accepted on 02.02.2020            © A&V Publications All right reserved