INTRODUCTION:

ekuo ewY; vkSj ewy ewY; gSa tks gekjs O;fäRo dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa fd ge thou esa dSls dke djrs gSaA ;s ewY; cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd os rksM+rs gSa fd ge dkSu gSa vkSj os gh thou esa gekjk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA gekjs }kjk lefFkZr ewY; ;g fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd ge dkSu cuuk pkgrs gSa] lkFk gh ge viuk thou dSls thrs gSa vkSj ge fu.kZ; ds vk/kkj ij D;k fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA bu R;kxi=ksa ds fcuk] gekjk thou vLr&O;Lr gks tk,xk vkSj ge tks dqN Hkh djrs ;k dgrs gSa mldk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksxkA lHkh vkosnuksa esa fdlh Hkh rjg ls ;s ewY; gksrs gSa] vkSj ;g ge ij çfrca/k gS fd ge fdldks lcls T;knk ilan djrs gSaA 20oha lnh dh fl)kardkj ekFkkZ uqlkckSe us nloha lnh dh nk'kZfud if=dk dh ,d lwph çLrqr dh gS% lR;] lkSan;Z] U;k;] lkgl] la;e] Kku] çse] NksVk] 'khy vkSj vk'kkA ;s lHkh ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, vius nSfud thou esa cuk, j[kus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A cM+s iSekus ij lekt ds fy, bu 'ks;j/kkjdksa dh igpku djuk vkSj mUgsa lkekftd :i ls foHkkftr] leFkZdksa vkSj vuq;kf;;ksa esa Li"V djuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS rkfd yksxksa dks ges'kk irk pys fd os fdlds fy, çfrf"Br gSaA

ekuorkokn dk egRo%

ekuork dk egRo ;g gS fd ;g vFkZ çnku djrk gS fd yksxksa dks muds thou esa D;k egRoiw.kZ yxrk gSA ekuork ds dbZ vyx&vyx ekunaM gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lR;fu"Bk] Økafrdkjh vkSj ijksidkjh lHkh ekuork ewY; lwpdkad ds vk/kkj gSaA ewY; ç.kkyh fLFkj ugha gS vkSj lanHkZ ;k lkekftd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij cnyko fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd dqN yksxksa ds ikl ,d lanHkZ ds fy, 'ks;jksa dk ,d fuf'pr lsV gksrk gS ysfdu nwljs lanHkZ esa mudh dher iwjh rjg ls fHkUu gks ldrh gSA xíkjh dk ,d fof'k"V ekunaM vkRe&lEeku dk fopkj gSA vkRe&lEeku ds nks :i gSa% vkarfjd vkSj cká vkRe&lEekuA cká vkRelEeku bl ckr ls lacaf/kr gS fd vU; vkiesa dkSu ls rRo gSa\ ;fn fdlh dk ckgjh lEeku mPp gS] rks os ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkgrs gSa fd vU; yksx Hkh muds ckjs esa vPNk çn'kZu djsa] tcfd ;fn fdlh dk vkarfjd lEeku mPp gS] rks os dsoy ;gh pkgrs gSa fd nwljs yksx mUgsa ilan djsa D;ksafd os Lo;a ,sls gSa djrs gSaA

ekuoh; vFkZ'kkL= ds çdkj%

ekuork ds 6 çdkj gSa Lokoyacu] lkE;okn] lkE;okn] U;k;] 'kfä vkSj vkRe&fn'kkA ;s ewY; os ckrsa gSa tks gesa djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSa tks ge djrs gSa vkSj bu ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA Lo&funsZ'ku vkSj vius deZpkfj;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu ysus dh {kerk gSA tc fdlh ds ikl LokfeRo gksrk gS rks mUgsa vius thou esa viuk vodk'k çkIr iqrZxkfy;ksa dh eqfä gksrh gS vkSj os viuh vk/;kfRedrk ;k uSfrdrk dks viuk ldrs gSa] fcuk ;g eglwl fd, fd os fdlh ,slh pht esa #fp j[krs gSa tks muds fy, ugha gSA leqnk; vU; yksxksa ls jsyos vkSj jsyos dh Hkkouk gSA tks yksx leqnk; dks egRoiw.kZ crkrs gSa mUgsa ,slk yxrk gS fd thfor jguk vkSj lQy gksuk lHkh ds fy, ,d&nwljs dh t:jr gSA dkVwZu dk eryc u, fopkjksa ds lkFk vkuan ysuk vkSj ykbd ls gVdj fn[kuk gSA ;g egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g gesa iqjkus ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls vkosndksa dks gy djus esa enn djrk gS rkfd gesa iqjkus ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ij çfrca/k u yxs tks vc dke ugha djsxkA U;k; dk vFkZ lHkh ds fy, ukxfjdksa vkSj yksxksa dh ns[kHkky djuk gS ftlesa bldh lcls vf/kd vko';drk gS] Hkys gh bldh dher lkekU; ls vf/kd gksA 'kfä ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk fdlh dh Hkh okilh ij dk;Z djus dh {kerk gSA vkRe&fn'kk ds bysfDVªd usVodZ dks ;g crkus ds ctk; fd vki viuk thou dSls th ldrs gSa] vius vuqlkj pquko djsa vkSj ft;saA

tks O;fä bl çdkj ds ekuo ewY;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ crkrs gSa os voljksa dh [kkst djrs gSa vkSj u, esgekuksa dks [kkstus dk vkuan ysrs gSaA ;s O;fä ckj&ckj ,sls gh lkgl dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa tks mUgsa vyx&vyx {ks=ksa dk irk nsrs gSa ;k de ls de mUgsa thou Hkj jkstxkj ifjorZu dh ek=k nsrs gSaA Lo;a dks ,d vkfo"dkjd] laxhrdkj] okLrqf'kYih vkSj fQYe fuekZrk tSls thcsve dh vksj ls vkdf"kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks yksx U;k; dks egRoiw.kZ crkrs gSa os vke rkSj ij ,sls i;ZVu esa igqap tkrs gSa tgka os M‚DVj] odhy] f'k{kd vkSj lkekftd nk'kZfudksa tSls /kkfeZd LFkyksa dh lsok djrs gSaA tks yksx lR; dks egRo nsrs gSa os laHkkfor :i ls dkuwu çorZu ;k vkf/kdkfjd rkSj ij çdkf'kr gksrs gSa tgka lekt esa tks dqN Hkh gksrk gS og mudk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA eq[; ekuoh; ewY; fo'oluh;rk] lk{kRdkj] lEeku] ftEesnkjh] ns[kHkky vkSj ukxfjdrk gSaA ;s ewY; fdlh Hkh ekuo lekt ds ewy vkSj thou ds gj {ks= esa ykxw gksus pkfg,A fo'oluh;rk dk eryc flQZ lp cksyuk ugha gS] cfYd blesa yksxksa dk ;g Hkh dguk 'kkfey gS fd muds fo'okl dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, t:jh gS fd vki muds ckjs esa dSlk eglwl djsaA fVIif.k;k¡ u dsoy ;g lqfuf'pr dj jgh gSa fd fdlh dks [ksy esa 'kkfey gksus ;k fdlh f[kykM+h ds :i esa lQy gksus dk leku volj feys] cfYd bldk eryc ;g gS fd ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd fdlh Hkh Vhe ;k lewg ds vanj yksxksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj gksA lEekfur f'k";k vkSj egku laxhrdkj ls ijs gS; blesa yksxksa dh f'k{kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vU; Lo;a ls ysdj muds leFkZdksa dks igpkuuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA ftEesnkjh ds fy, gesa ys[kdksa dh ns[kHkky djuh gS] ysfdu ;g Hkh djuk gS fd ge D;k dgrs gSa fd ge djus tk jgs gSaA ns[kHkky djuk dsoy fdlh ,sls O;fä dks fo'oluh; leFkZu çnku djuk gS tks bldh vko';drk ugha gS] cfYd muds çf'k{kd ds fy, fpark ds lkFk dke djuk gS] gkykafd blesa gekjs O;fäxr :i ls dqN Hkh ugha gksA ukxfjdrk dk eryc gekjs ns'k ds oQknkj ukxfjd ds lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k Hkj esa U;k; vkSj 'kkafr dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

gLrjs[kk 'kkL= esa ekuo tkfr ds ewY; ,slh vo/kkj.kk,¡ gSa tks fu;af=r djrh gSa fd yksxksa dks dSls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN ekuork ewY; U;k;] fo'oluh;rk vkSj fo'oluh;rk gSaA ;s ewY; uSfrd fu.kZ; ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ çLrko dj ldrs gSaA fdlh ,sls O;fä dh dYiuk çR;{k :i ls uSfrd vieku ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gS tSls fd og vius ifjokj dks Mwcus ls cpk, ;k vius fdlh nksLr dks cpk,A bl fLFkfr esa] fofHkUu ekuo ewY; ;g r; dj ldrs gSa fd dkSu lk fodYi csgrj gSA dqN yksxksa ds ys[kksa dh rqyuk esa fuLokFkZrk esa vf/kd #fp gS vkSj ifjokj dks cpkus dk fodYi pquk tk ldrk gS] Hkys gh os tkurs gksa fd mUgsa cpkrs le; os ej tk,axsA vU; yksx nksLrksa ds çfr oQknkjh dks cgqr egRoiw.kZ ns ldrs gSa vkSj vius nksLrksa dks lqj{kk dk fodYi pqu ldrs gSa] gkykafd blds fy, gh mUgsa viuh tku dk cfynku nsuk pkfg,A ekuo ewY; thou ds os funs'kd gSa tks yksxksa ds fy, muds nSfud thou esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;s ewY; vewrZ vkSj Bksl nksuksa gks ldrs gSa] vkSj buesa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa% çse] vkuan] lR;] 'kkafr] U;k;] lkSan;Z vkSj Lora=rkA ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij gekjk /;ku dsafær djds nSfud thou dks çHkkfor djuk gS tks euq"; ds :i esa gekjs fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA cnys esa] ;s ewY; gekjs nSfud thou thus ds rjhdksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj ;g fu/kkZfjr djus esa enn djrs gSa fd ge viuk le; vkSj ÅtkZ dSls [kpZ djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh O;fä dk ewY; lPpk gS] rks og Kku çkIr djuk pkgrk gS ;k vius nksLrksa ;k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk lkgl dks pqukSrh nsuk pkgrk gSA ;fn fdlh O;fä dk ewY; U;k;iw.kZ gS] rks og fdlh ,sls O;fä dh enn ysuk pkgrk gS ftlds lkFk fdlh çdkj dk vU;k; gksA varr%] ;s O;fäxr ekuo ewY; ,d O;fä ds thou n'kZu dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa tks bl nqfu;k esa viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku viuk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA

ekuoh; ewY; dh fo'ks"krk,a% ekuo fufeZr oLrq,a os oLrq,a gSa tks fdlh O;fä ds thou esa lcls egRoiw.kZ yxrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN yksxksa ds fy, ifjokj ds fy, ,d ekuo ewY; gS] tcfd ys[kksa ds fy, lQyrk ,d ekuo ewY; gSA ekuoh; vFkZ'kkL= dh fo'ks"krk,a ;g gSa fd fofHkUu yksxksa ds fy, muds D;k eryc gSa vkSj mUgsa okLrfod thou dh ifjHkk"kk esa dSls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA yksx ,d ;k vf/kd ekuoh; eqæk dks vius ewy eqæk ds :i esa j[k ldrs gSaA ekuork dk dsoy ,d gh lsV gksus dh vko';drk ugha gS D;ksafd bl le; ds lkFk cnyk tk ldrk gS ;k D;ksafd fdlh us igys buds ckjs esa ugha lkspk gksxkA

ekuork dh ç—fr% ekuo ewY; ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftls vHkh Hkh iwjh rjg ls le>k ugha tk ldkA ekuork dh dbZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSa] ysfdu lcls vke rkSj ij O;k[;k dh ifjHkk"kk ;g gS fd ekuoh; ewY; os –f"Vdks.k ;k foykflrk dk mi;ksx yksx vius m|e vkSj larqf"V dks vFkZ nsus ds fy, djrs gSaA ekuork dh ç—fr dks tfVy vkSj vewrZ ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g bl ckr ls lacaf/kr gS fd ekuo nqfu;k dks dSls vuqHko djrk gSA bl vFkZ esa ekuo'kkL=h; fl)kar gSA yksxksa ds vuqHko dks ns[kus ds rjhds dks vkdkj nsrs gSa vkSj cnys esa] ;s fopkj vFkZ'kkL= dks ifjHkkf"kr djus esa enn djrs gSaA fQj ;s vueksy lekthdj.k ds ek/;e ls çlkfjr gksrs gSaA bl ckr ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd bu 'ks;jksa esa çR;sd O;fä dk vyx&vyx vFkZ gks ldrk gS] tks bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd os laçnk; ds lkFk ckrphr djrs gSa vkSj D;k ns[krs gSaA

fu"d"kZ %&

ekuoh; ewY; 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu gS] ysfdu os vfuok;Z :i ls uSfrd ewY; ds :i esa gSa tks lHkh fl)karksa ij ykxw gksrs gSaA fofHkUu dyk—fr;ksa esa ekufodh ds vyx&vyx lsV gksaxs] ysfdu gj laL—fr esa dqN u dqN ik;k tk ldrk gSA ;s lqfo/kk,¡] Lora=rk vkSj U;k; tSlh phtsa gSaA ekuork dks ,d la;qä lwph ds ctk; fl)karksa ;k ekxZn'kZd fo'oklksa ds :i esa vklku cuk;k tk ldrk gSA dqN yksx fdlh Hkh /keZ ds fl)karksa dks vius ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds lewg ds :i esa mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa] tcfd vU; yksx vius fl)karksa dks vius vanj 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg ls] yksxksa dks ;g irk yxkus dh t:jr gS fd mudk ekuo fufeZr LV‚d viuk lsV D;k gS D;ksafd ;s fn'kkfunsZ'k crkrs gSa fd mUgsa ?kj ij jguk pkfg, vkSj vU; yksxksa ds lkFk dke djuk pkfg,A xehZ dk le; vk x;k gS vkSj dkS'ky fu[kkjus dk Hkh le; vk x;k gS! 5]000 ls vf/kd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa us vc Mh,l, dh çLrqfr ls ysdj Qqy&LVSd] cSd,aM ohfM;ks] MsVk lkbalst tSls Lrj ds mUur ds fodkl dk;ZØe rd ;k=k viuh iwjh dj yh gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk %&

1. http://ijariie.com

2. https://shikshansanshodhan.researchculturesociety.org

3. https://highereducation.mp.gov.in

4. https://leverageedu.com

5. https://translate.google.com.

Received on 28.05.2024 Revised on 05.08.2024

Accepted on 23.09.2024 Published on 18.12.2024

Available online on December 27, 2024

Int. J. of Reviews and Res. in Social Sci. 2024; 12(4):197-200.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2687.2024.00033

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